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布氏硬度_洛氏硬度_维氏硬度的表示方法
  Published:2008-09-05 10:42:12  Author:耐磨综合网
Beijing ARC   http://www.arceq.com


      金属材料抵抗硬的物体压陷表面的能力,称为硬度。根据试验方法和适用范围不同,硬度又可分为布氏硬度、洛氏硬度、维氏硬度、肖氏硬度、显微硬度和高温硬度等。对于管材一般常用的有布氏、洛氏、维氏硬度三种。

A、布氏硬度(HB)
用一定直径的钢球或硬质合金球,以规定的试验力(F)压入式样表面,经规定保持时间后卸除试验力,测量试样表面的压痕直径(L)。布氏硬度值是以试验力除以压痕球形表面积所得的商。以HBS(钢球)表示,单位为N/mm2(MPa)。
其计算公式为:
式中:F--压入金属试样表面的试验力,N;
D--试验用钢球直径,mm;
d--压痕平均直径,mm。
测定布氏硬度较准确可靠,但一般HBS只适用于450N/mm2(MPa)以下的金属材料,对于较硬的钢或较薄的板材不适用。在钢管标准中,布氏硬度用途最广,往往以压痕直径d来表示该材料的硬度,既直观,又方便。
举例:120HBS10/1000130:表示用直径10mm钢球在1000Kgf(9.807KN)试验力作用下,保持30s(秒)测得的布氏硬度值为120N/ mm2(MPa)。

B、洛氏硬度(HK)
洛氏硬度试验同布氏硬度试验一样,都是压痕试验方法。不同的是,它是测量压痕的深度。即,在初邕试验力(Fo)及总试验力(F)的先后作用下,将压头(金钢厂圆锥体或钢球)压入试样表面,经规定保持时间后,卸除主试验力,用测量的残余压痕深度增量(e)计算硬度值。其值是个无名数,以符号HR表示,所用标尺有A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、K等9个标尺。其中常用于钢材硬度试验的标尺一般为A、B、C,即HRA、HRB、HRC。
硬度值用下式计算:
当用A和C标尺试验时,HR=100-e
当用B标尺试验时,HR=130-e
式中e--残余压痕深度增量,其什系以规定单位0.002mm表示,即当压头轴向位移一个单位(0.002mm)时,即相当于洛氏硬度变化一个数。e值愈大,金属的硬度愈低,反之则硬度愈高。
上述三个标尺适用范围如下:
HRA(金刚石圆锥压头)20-88
HRC(金刚石圆锥压头)20-70
HRB(直径1.588mm钢球压头)20-100
洛氏硬度试验是目前应用很广的方法,其中HRC在钢管标准中使用仅次于布氏硬度HB。洛氏硬度可适用于测定由极软到极硬的金属材料,它弥补了布氏法的不是,较布氏法简便,可直接从硬度机的表盘读出硬度值。但是,由于其压痕小,故硬度值不如布氏法准确。

C、维氏硬度(HV)
维氏硬度试验也是一种压痕试验方法,是将一个相对面夹角为1360的正四棱锥体金刚石压头以选定的试验力(F)压入试验表面,经规定保持时间后卸除试验力,测量压痕两对角线长度。
维氏硬度值是试验力除以压痕表面积所得之商,其计算公式为:
式中:HV--维氏硬度符号,N/mm2(MPa);
F--试验力,N;
d--压痕两对角线的算术平均值,mm。
维氏硬度采用的试验力F为5(49.03)、10(98.07)、20(196.1)、30(294.2)、50(490.3)、100(980.7)Kgf(N)等六级,可测硬度值范围为5~1000HV。
表示方法举例:640HV30/20表示用30Hgf(294.2N)试验力保持20S(秒)测定的维氏硬度值为640N/mm2(MPa)。
维氏硬度法可用于测定很薄的金属材料和表面层硬度。它具有布氏、洛氏法的主要优点,而克服了它们的基本缺点,但不如洛氏法简便。维氏法在钢管标准中很少用。 

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